GEO DATA

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Dataset for Projecting Changes in Potential Distribution and Species Richness of Swallowtail Butterflies (Family Papilionidae, Order Lepidoptera) under Climate Change: Man-Seok Shin, Jaeho Lee, Jeongseop An, Changwan Seo; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):626-639. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0090

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Abstract PDF: This study quantitatively assessed the impact of climate change on the distribution and species richness of swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera) by constructing species distribution models for 12 swallowtail butterfly species inhabiting Korea and generating current and future species richness change data. A total of 7,320 occurrence points were obtained by integrating nationwide survey data from the National Institute of Ecology and the Korea National Park Service. Bioclimatic variables (Bio01, Bio02, Bio03, Bio12, Bio13, Bio14) derived from Korea Meteorological Administration climate data were used as input. The species distribution models were constructed using the Random Forest algorithm within the BIOMOD2 environment. Species richness under the current climate (2000-2019 mean) at the 1 km² grid scale was high in the central and southern mountainous regions, the southern and western coasts, and the mid-mountain areas of Jeju Island. Aggregated at the city (si), county (gun), district (gu) level, some coastal, island, and mountainous areas were also identified as key high-richness regions. Future climate scenario projections (SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) indicated that butterfly species richness generally decreased over time. High-richness areas contracted to the southern coast and parts of Jeju Island, with most regions converging toward low richness. Contribution analysis of environmental variables revealed that annual mean temperature (Bio01) and annual precipitation (Bio12) were the key variables explaining the distribution of most species, suggesting that the Papilionidae family is a taxon sensitive to temperature and precipitation changes. The individual distribution and species richness data for 12 species constructed in this study can serve as foundational spatial information for assessing climate change vulnerability, establishing conservation strategies for endangered species, identifying candidate future climate refugia, and developing regional climate adaptation policies.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP10 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):671-676. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0089

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Abstract PDF: The Ramsar Convention, adopted in 1971, has expanded global cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands, with recent assessments emphasizing its relevance to climate adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and water security. National Reports submitted by Contracting Parties provide the primary official dataset for evaluating implementation progress across regions. This study analyzes descriptive statistics from the 24 strategies reported to the 10th Conference of the Parties, covering wetland inventory, policy and legal frameworks, Ramsar Site designation and management, international cooperation, financing, monitoring, and capacity building. The results reveal clear regional disparities: Europe and Oceania showed high achievement in several strategies, such as Wetland inventory and assessment (Europe, 80.0±2.0%) and Regional initiatives (Oceania, 90.0±10.0%), while Africa and Latin America recorded lower values in policy and ecological management areas, particularly Ramsar Site ecological character (Africa, 34.2±3.9%; Latin America, 34.0±5.3%). Financial and implementation- support domains -including development assistance for wetland conservation and management, financial contributions to the Convention, and use of National Reports for monitoring implementation- were uniformly low across all regions. These findings highlight structural differences in institutional and financial capacity and provide a foundational dataset for future analytical research and for informing policy development to strengthen balanced implementation of the Ramsar Convention.

Geospatial and Environmental Variable Dataset for Predicting Potential Habitats of Mammals in the South Korea: Yun-Sang Jeong, Bo-Ra Kim, Man-Seok Shin; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):588-612. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0067

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Abstract PDF: Recent climate change and land-use alteration are weakening the structure and connectivity of mammal habitats, leading to range contractions and population isolation. However, habitat and distribution forecasting for Korean mammals has largely been confined to specific species or local areas, leaving a lack of quantitative assessments at the national scale. This study compiled nationwide occurrence records and environmental spatial data to predict potential habitats for 21 major mammal species in the South Korea using species distribution models. Occurrence points were integrated from survey datasets provided by the National Institute of Ecology (EcoBank) and the Korea National Park Service. Environmental predictors included climate variables: topographic factors (altitude, slope, and topographic wetness index), land cover-based distance variables (to forest, cultivated land, transportation areas, residential areas, and water bodies), and a population-based human activity index. To reduce multicollinearity (|r|≥0.7) and prioritize discriminatory power, independent-sample t-tests were conducted between presence and pseudo-absence points, and 6-9 variables were finally selected for each species based on p-value ranking and ecological relevance. Potential habitats were modeled using an ensemble approach that combined ten algorithms (GLM, GBM, GAM, CTA, ANN, SRE, FDA, RF, MARS, and MaxEnt), weighted by true skill statistics (TSS). Model performance ranged from 0.255 to 0.991 in TSS (mean=0.588), indicating generally moderate to high predictive accuracy, although some widely distributed rodents showed relatively low performance. The predicted maps distinguished species preferring high-elevation mountainous regions from those favoring lowland and coastal areas, and identified high suitability for the invasive nutria in the Nakdong River Basin. The data provided in this study are expected to be useful for a range of national-scale conservation and management applications, including habitat status assessment, priority conservation area selection, ecological network and corridor planning, and invasive species control.

Experimental Planting and Monitoring to Develop Restoration Strategy for the Endangered Epiphytic Orchid, Phalaenopsis japonica: Seongjun Kim, Chang Woo Lee, Hwan Joon Park, Jung Eun Hwang, Young-Joong Kim, Hyeong Bin Park, Yubin Lee; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):502-511. Published online December 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0093

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Abstract PDF: This study reported an experimental re-introduction of the endangered epiphytic orchid species, Phalaenopsis japonica. The three experimental sites were established in Hongdo Natural Reserve in Jeollanam-do, South Korea, each of which differed in vegetation type, aspect, and microclimatic conditions. In 2021, 50 Phalaenopsis japonica individuals were planted to each site (a total of 150 individuals), and survival rate, pest damage, microclimate (air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and wind speed) were monitored during 2021-2025. After 6 months, 1 year, and 4 years, we found that 109, four, and one Phalaenopsis japonica individuals survived in the study sites. Redundancy analysis showed that pest damage was the most influential factor causing the initial mass mortality of the planted Phalaenopsis japonica (F=18.4, p<0.01). Low light intensity (F=6.1, p<0.05), high wind speed (F=5.5, p<0.05), and small initial size of Phalaenopsis japonica (F=5.0, p<0.05) also contributed to the initial mortality. Overall results suggest that extended cultivation period and pest control after planting might improve initial survival rate of Phalaenopsis japonica. We hope that our results will provide preliminary information to select restoration sites and initial management strategies for the endangered epiphytic orchid species.

Baseline Study on Species Occurrence and Quantitative Criteria for Protected Wetland Areas: Haeseon Shin, Sanghun Lee; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):367-376. Published online December 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0048

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Abstract PDF: This study analyzed species occurrences in 25 protected wetland areas (PWAs) in Korea based on detailed monitoring data collected between 2006 and 2024. A total of 6,539 species were recorded, comprising 2,081 vascular plants, 38 amphibians and reptiles, 152 fish, 3,705 terrestrial insects, 435 benthic macroinvertebrates, 266 birds, and 40 mammals. The species richness of individual wetlands ranged from 595 species to 1,486 species. In addition, 95 endangered species were confirmed across 24 PWAs, including 78 class I and 17 class II species under the Korean Wildlife Protection Act, with an average of seven species per site. Notably, the Nakdong River Estuary and the Han River Estuary each supported more than 15 endangered species, which highlights their high conservation value. These findings demonstrate that PWAs harbor substantial biodiversity and serve as critical habitats for endangered species. The results provide essential quantitative baseline data that can support future designation of new PWAs and inform conservation planning and prioritization.

Plant Community Types and Spatial Distribution of Conservation-Value Forest Vegetation in Limestone Regions, Korea: Sung Je Lee, Kwangjin Cho, Yong-Sik Hong; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):386-404. Published online December 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0040

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Abstract PDF: This study systematically classified and mapped the spatial distribution of plant communities of high conservation value in Korea’s limestone regions. We analyzed vegetation data from the 4th-5th National Ecosystem Survey and the Forest Site and Soil Map. Four major vegetation types were identified -montane deciduous broad-leaved forest, montane moist forest, montane coniferous forest, and calcareous vegetation- comprising 45 plant communities. Most communities corresponded to conservation grade II. Spatial analysis showed that montane coniferous forest occupied approximately 93% of the total vegetation area in limestone regions, followed by montane moist forest, montane deciduous broad-leaved forest, and calcareous vegetation. Among all communities, the Pinus densiflora community covered the largest area. Regionally, Gangwon- do exhibited both the largest area and the greatest diversity of vegetation types, followed by Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeonbuk-do. Communities were typified by the dominant canopy species in existing vegetation, thereby reflecting the actual structure and distribution of limestone vegetation. Pinus and Quercus were identified as the principal dominants, indicating that general characteristics of Korean montane forests are also evident on limestone substrates. These findings provide fundamental baseline information for ecological restoration, environmental impact assessment, and conservation management, and in the long term will support the development of restoration strategies that incorporate potential natural vegetation.

Analysis of Area Changes in Ecological and Natural Map Grades between 2007 and 2025: Focusing on Map Sheets Covering Border Region: Hyosun Leem, So-Young Hwang, Hye-Yeon Yoon; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):347-360. Published online December 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0039

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Abstract PDF: This study analyzed changes in the grades of the Ecological and Natural Map across 36 map sheets, including border regions, between 2007 and 2025. Variations in area by grade were influenced by the survey data available at the time of map compilation, differences in evaluation criteria, and improvements in survey precision. In particular, border regions exhibited a marked increase in separately managed zones, reflecting the application of conservation-oriented policies from an ecological perspective. These findings can serve as a basis for formulating conservation and management policies for border regions and for developing ecosystem management strategies tailored to local environmental conditions.

First Avifaunal Inventory of Sorok Island, South Korea: Sang-Yeon Lee; GEO DATA. 2025;7(3):137-143. Published online September 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0020

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Abstract PDF: Sorok Island, located off the southern coast of South Korea, has historically remained isolated due to its role as a quarantine site for patients with Hansen’s disease. Consequently, its ecological characteristics have largely gone undocumented. This study presents the first comprehensive avifaunal survey of the island, conducted over three seasons (spring, summer, and autumn) in 2024. A total of 1,267 individuals representing 53 species across 33 families were recorded. Among these, eight species are designated as nationally protected in South Korea. Based on our findings, I recommend implementing conservation measures such as the planting of fruit-bearing native trees to enhance habitat heterogeneity.

Analysis of Changes in Vegetation Cover Using Satellite Images of Sorok Island in Republic of Korea: Hyungjin Cho, Seungnam Jin, Jong-Seo Won, Youngjun Park; GEO DATA. 2025;7(2):62-69. Published online June 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0002

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This study aims to compare and analyze the past and present vegetation changes on Sorok Island using satellite imagery to understand the current development patterns that damage the island's unique ecological and environmental characteristics. The findings will serve as fundamental data for establishing sustainable management and conservation plans. Sorok Island, located in Goheung-gun, South Korea, has a historical background as a Hansen's disease patient isolation site. Since 1916, limited human intervention has shaped its unique ecosystem. This study uses Sentinel-2 satellite images from 2016 and 2024 to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and analyze vegetation vitality and change rates. Results indicate that NDVI values in 2024 have generally increased compared to 2016, and vegetation vitality has also improved. However, NDVI values for forest areas and inland wetlands have decreased, attributed to forest development and expansion of cultivated land. Future research should include long-term vegetation change analysis and comprehensive studies considering various factors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

First Avifaunal Inventory of Sorok Island, South Korea
Sang-Yeon Lee
GEO DATA.2025; 7(3): 137. CrossRef

Predicting Habitat Changes and Vulnerability of Climate-sensitive Insects under SSP Scenarios: Jaeho Lee, Jin Lee, Sungsoo Yoon, Jaeseok Lee, Changwan Seo; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):365-376. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0057

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Abstract PDF: Climate change significantly impacts the distribution and habitat suitability of insects, particularly those highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations. This study evaluated the habitat changes of 12 climate-sensitive insect species in South Korea under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, using random forest (RF) models. Bioclimatic variables, including annual mean temperature (BIO1) and annual precipitation (BIO12), were identified as key contributors to habitat suitability changes. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values exceeding 0.8 for five species, such as Papilio helenus and Argynnis hyperbius, while six species, including Sympetrum pedemontanum elatum, exhibited lower predictability due to data distribution challenges. The results revealed that SSP2-4.5 allowed more stable or expanding habitats for certain species, such as Argynnis hyperbius and Lampides boeticus, where habitat areas significantly increased by 2070. In contrast, SSP5-8.5 showed drastic habitat reductions for most species, including Camponotus kiusiuensis and Sympetrum pedemontanum elatum, with some habitats shrinking by over 90% by 2090. The study underscores the importance of climate variables, with temperature and precipitation consistently influencing habitat changes across species. This research provides critical insights into the ecological risks posed by climate change and emphasizes the necessity of mitigation strategies. While some species demonstrate adaptive potential under moderate scenarios, others face severe vulnerabilities under extreme climate conditions. These findings offer valuable guidance for biodiversity conservation and policy-making, highlighting the need for integrated approaches that account for non-climatic factors such as land-use changes.

Analysis of the Geographic Environment Characteristics of Mountain Wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do: Mi-Jeong Kim, Yeon Hui Jang, Jong-Hak Yun, Soo-Dong Lee; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):280-289. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0029

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Abstract PDF: Wetlands are transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and are among the most nutrient-rich and productive ecosystems on Earth. This study analyzed the topographical and ecological characteristics of mountain wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do to provide essential data for their conservation and management. The results indicated that mountain wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do are primarily distributed in areas with slopes ranging from 5° to 15°. Bog (M1) and fen (M2), which possess significant ecological value, were found to be situated in areas over 700 m above sea level. In contrast, swamp (M4) was distributed across a wider range of altitudes and slopes, with some wetlands exhibiting signs of ecological degradation due to anthropogenic disturbances. These findings can serve as critical data for developing management plans aimed at the sustainable conservation of mountain wetlands.

A Study on the Spatial Information Compilation of Inland Wetlands in South Korea: Chang-Su Lee, Haeseon Shin, Hyeongcheol Lee, Yijung Kim, Sanghun Lee; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):226-234. Published online December 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0034

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Wetlands offer numerous benefits, including improving water quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and storing water. They are areas where water either covers the soil or is just below the surface for extended periods. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining environmental balance and ecological stability. In South Korea, the Wetlands Conservation Act was established in 1999 to protect these vital ecosystems and their biodiversity. The law defines inland wetlands as lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers, and estuaries. However, the boundaries of these areas are often unclear, creating challenges for conservation and research. This ambiguity complicates effective management and the implementation of necessary protective measures. This study utilized topographic and aerial images to gather spatial information about inland wetlands and assess their areas. It identified the boundaries of inland wetlands in South Korea, revealing a total area of 3,833.452 km², which is 3.8% of the country’s total land area. The classified the spatial data, showing that vegetated areas cover 1,355.666 km², or 35.4% of the total area, with woody plants covering 102.987 km² and herbaceous plants 1,252.679 km². Non-vegetated areas account for 2,477.786 km², or 64.6%, with open water 2,206.615 km², natural land 160.995 km², artificial land 72.343 km², and Agricultural land 37.833 km². Clearly defining wetland boundaries is essential for effective conservation and protection. Accurate boundary definitions facilitate legal protection and help prevent damage to wetlands. The results provide quantitative data that can inform future wetland conservation planning and management. And enhance our understanding of the size and changes in South Korea’s inland wetlands, supporting their preservation and protection.

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Improving Inland Wetland Classification Performance of Drone Imagery-Based TransUNet Model Using Multi-Class Data Balancing Technique
Eu-Ru Lee, Jin-Sik Bong, Kyu-Ri Choi, Hyung-Sup Jung
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing.2025; 41(2): 447. CrossRef
Spatial Data-based Analysis of Inland Wetland Distribution in the Han River Basin
Haeseon Shin, Sanghun Lee
GEO DATA.2025; 7(4): 447. CrossRef

Pest Control and Safety Management Monitoring in Outdoor Plantation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Captured Images: Sung Min Han, Kyong-Hee Nam; GEO DATA. 2024;6(3):144-149. Published online September 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0023

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Abstract PDF: The National Institute of Ecology in Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do, exhibits and studies Korea’s diverse ecosystems to communicate the importance of biodiversity conservation to the general public. The site faces the challenge of preserving the natural environment while ensuring visitor convenience. This requires systematic data collection to quickly detect and respond to threats from pests and natural disasters. In this study, high-resolution orthoimages were acquired to monitor ecological changes using unmanned aerial vehicles. Images were captured through flights monthly from March to July 2024. Digital elevation models and orthoimages were generated to identify dead trees and assess areas of damage caused by heavy rainfall. The study covered an area of 998,655 m2, and the image resolution was 3.6 cm/pixel. The orthophotos were useful in identifying plant pest damage. They also helped evaluate damage caused by rain, showing that the total area of damage was 29,384 m2, mainly due to soil erosion. Furthermore, it is expected that the accumulation of such unmanned remote sensing image data can also be applied to the safety management of various natural conservation areas and public facilities.

Original Paper

Spatial Distribution Status of Landform in 1st Grade Area of Ecology and Nature Map: Hye-Yeon Yoon, So-Young Hwang, Hyun-Su Park; GEO DATA. 2024;6(2):87-99. Published online June 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0010

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In this study, spatial distribution analysis was conducted on the landforms that appear within the 1st grade area using the ecology and nature map of 2023. As a result, a total of 97 landforms including tidal flat and incised meander were identified as unit landforms, and a total of 1,490 sites were distributed. The spatial distribution by administrative region was highest in Gangwon-do with 273 sites (12.8%), and by unit landform, cliff (173 sites), stream cliff (129 sites), and sea cliff (100 sites) were the most distributed. These landforms are cliffs found in mountainous, riverine, and coastal areas, respectively, and are characterized by their high geomorphological conservation value due to their large scale and geometric shape compared to other terrains. In terms of spatial distribution by landform type, stream landforms (501 sites, 33.6%) accounted for the largest proportion, and there were 24 units landforms. The results obtained can be utilized for future designation of expanded ecosystem protection areas or ecosystem monitoring surveys, along with continued landform conservation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Potential Habitat and Priority Conservation Areas for Endangered Species in South Korea
Soyeon Park, Hyomin Park, Sangdon Lee
Animals.2025; 15(8): 1158. CrossRef
Area Analysis by Grade and Province of the Ecology and Nature Map (2022-2025)
Hye-Yeon Yoon, Wooseok Oh
GEO DATA.2025; 7(3): 123. CrossRef
Analysis of Area Changes in Ecological and Natural Map Grades between 2007 and 2025: Focusing on Map Sheets Covering Border Region
Hyosun Leem, So-Young Hwang, Hye-Yeon Yoon
GEO DATA.2025; 7(4): 347. CrossRef
Preparation an Ecological Map Using Data from the Third Survey on National Environment
Eui-Jeong Ko, Taeho Kang, Hye-Yeon Yoon
GEO DATA.2024; 6(4): 290. CrossRef

Article

A Geological Environment Characteristics Dataset of Tidal Flat Surface Sediments: A 2021 Pilot Study of the Gomso Bay Tidal Flat Area to Use of Sediment Type Data: Kyoungkyu Park, Han Jun Woo, Hoi-Soo Jung, Joo Bong Jeong, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Jun-Ho Lee; GEO DATA. 2022;4(2):9-22. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/DJ2022.4.2.002

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The Gomso Bay tidal flat is located between Buan-gun and Gochang-gun in Jeollabuk-do, Korea; it is a semi-closed bay in an area where tides prevail over waves. Tidal flats are mainly found south of Gochang-gun, and the main stream located north of the tidal flats is about 15 m deep and 900 m wide at low tide. Limited direct sampling is necessary for analyzing the geological environment of intertidal tidal flats, depending on the expected ebb-tide time and the number of survey items allowed for tidal flat access. This study assessed field measurement and laboratory analysis items for obtaining and establishing geological environment data to use of sediment type data in a pilot research area in the Gomso Bay tidal flat. Thirty sites were examined on June 22 and 24, 2021 (survey time about 3.5 hours for the 2 days). The field measurements were the sample date (year/month/day/hour/minute), ellipsoid height using a real-time kinematics global positioning system (RTK GPS) (m), shear strength (kg/cm²), and Munsell color. Samples for particle size (phi, Φ), specific density, porosity (%), moisture content (%), total organic carbon (%), total carbon (%) and total nitrogen (%) were placed in zipper bags and polypropylene (PP) bottles. The sedimentary phases were classified following Folk and Ward (1957), the organic matter was characterized based on particle size analysis and each experimental result was verified. In the future, a geological environment characteristics dataset based on this pilot study will be used as basic data to assess changes in the tidal flat topography and sedimentation environment. It should be useful data for research, tidal flat environment conservation management and free open data for users of related researchers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Site-Specific Net Suspended Sediment Flux and Turbidity–TSM Coupling in a UNESCO Tidal Flat on the Western Coast of Korea: High-Resolution Vertical Observations
Jun-Ho Lee, Hoi Soo Jung, Keunyong Kim, Yeongjae Jang, Donguk Lee, Joo-Hyung Ryu
Water.2025; 17(23): 3361. CrossRef
Study on Grain Size, Physical Properties and Organic Matter Characteristics of Tidal Flat Surface Sediments: May 2022 Hwangdo Tidal Flat Dataset, Cheonsu Bay
Jun-Ho Lee, Hoi-Soo Jung, Huigyeong Ryu, Keunyong Kim, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Yeongjae Jang
GEO DATA.2024; 6(3): 159. CrossRef
Characteristics of temporal-spatial variations of zooplankton community in Gomso Bay in the Yellow Sea, South Korea
Young Seok Jeong, Min Ho Seo, Seo Yeol Choi, Seohwi Choo, Dong Young Kim, Sung-Hun Lee, Kyeong-Ho Han, Ho Young Soh
Environmental Biology Research.2023; 41(4): 720. CrossRef

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