1Geological Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
2Department of Geophysical Exploration, Korea University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Conditioning Factor | Purpose of use |
---|---|
Slope | It controls the velocity of surface runoff and opportunities for permeation (Tien Bui et al., 2019). In areas with steep slopes time for infiltration decreases which leads to an increase in water flow (El-Haddad et al., 2021). Slope can control the amount of water infiltration into the soil and it has impact on the depth and capacity of water retention (Dodangeh et al., 2020). |
Elevation | Elevation plays an important role in the the direction and amount of surface runoff in an area (Tiryaki and Karaca, 2018). Moreover, different elevations have altered climate characteristics and can cause the differences in vegetation and soil conditions (Natarajan et al., 2021; Rahmati et al., 2016). |
Land use/Land cover | It can indirectly or directly affect surface runoff, evapotranspiration, permeability and penetration rate (Yariyan et al., 2020). In urban areas runoff increases due extensive impervious soil. In fallow farmland lack of vegetation cover to control and prevent the rapid flow of water to the soil surface increases runoff (Ullah and Zhang, 2020). |
Distance from river | River-overflows are critical for the initiation of a flood event. The probability of inundation is lower in areas far away from riverbeds (Das, 2020; Kazakis et al., 2015; Tehrany and Kumar, 2018). |
Rainfall | Rainfall is the most dependable factor of flood which cannot imagine flood occurrence except it (Chowdhuri et al., 2020). flood has been occurred due to huge volume of run-off flows and overbanking as a result of excessively heavy rainfalls or prolonged rainfall (Ahmadlou et al., 2019; Shahiri Tabarestani and Afzalimehr, 2021). |
Geology/Lithology | Variations of lithological units can impact on the stream profile on temporal floods and has effect on the development of floods due its influence on permeability power and surface runoff (Haghizadeh et al., 2017; Hong et al., 2018a). In fact, subsoil materials with high permeability and high resistant rocks have lower drainage densities (Hong et al., 2018b). |
Topographic wetness index (TWI) | TWI is used to quantify the topographical effect on hydrological processes. It shows the tendency of water to accumulate at a specific location or move downward due to the gravitational force (Tehrany et al., 2019). Moreover, TWI shows spatial patterns of soil moisture and flow intensity (Bui et al., 2019; Lei et al., 2021). |
River density | Drainage systems often influences river overflow and continuous flooding in an area (Choubin et al., 2019). Higher drainage density results in lower infiltration and higher runoff (Arabameri et al., 2020; Pandey et al., 2021). |
Aspect | Aspect has indirect effect on flooding by controlling some environmental factors such an amount of rainfall, vegetation development, evapotranspiration, and moisture content of the soil by defining where lightning strikes (Dodangeh et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021; Siahkamari et al., 2018). |
Stream power index (SPI) | SPI is a factor to express the erosive power of flowing water (Gudiyangada Nachappa and Meena, 2020; Lee et al., 2017; Shahabi et al., 2020). |
Conditioning Factor | Purpose of use |
---|---|
Slope | It controls the velocity of surface runoff and opportunities for permeation ( |
Elevation | Elevation plays an important role in the the direction and amount of surface runoff in an area ( |
Land use/Land cover | It can indirectly or directly affect surface runoff, evapotranspiration, permeability and penetration rate ( |
Distance from river | River-overflows are critical for the initiation of a flood event. The probability of inundation is lower in areas far away from riverbeds ( |
Rainfall | Rainfall is the most dependable factor of flood which cannot imagine flood occurrence except it ( |
Geology/Lithology | Variations of lithological units can impact on the stream profile on temporal floods and has effect on the development of floods due its influence on permeability power and surface runoff ( |
Topographic wetness index (TWI) | TWI is used to quantify the topographical effect on hydrological processes. It shows the tendency of water to accumulate at a specific location or move downward due to the gravitational force ( |
River density | Drainage systems often influences river overflow and continuous flooding in an area ( |
Aspect | Aspect has indirect effect on flooding by controlling some environmental factors such an amount of rainfall, vegetation development, evapotranspiration, and moisture content of the soil by defining where lightning strikes ( |
Stream power index (SPI) | SPI is a factor to express the erosive power of flowing water ( |